Top News

Recent Post Recent Post
View More

on February 11, 2021 0


 https://youtu.be/OMcPFb6BMOo

Read more »

on February 11, 2021 0


 https://youtu.be/RFRRMuGyPsE

Read more »

on September 16, 2020 0


 MOTIVATIONS:

In your field whatever it is you have to work hard and have to be superior in this then the success will be yours. You have to work hard in your field. If you have a business give the best from your side the see what you gain in return and if you are in any job then give your best init, Then you will get promotions and many more. If You are a student then it is the golden chance for you to do any thing for yourself . Work hard and make your future bright. Your future is bright and it is in your hands.

follow me at:

Read more »

on September 15, 2020 0


 Motivations

The hard time is best to live a life and learn some thing else that is new. In the good time you will have everything and the LIFE will come to a boring session.
If you are in the bad time then this is the time you live your life just accept the time and the problems of your life depression and quieting of life is not the solution of the problem if you are a Human and a Muslim then you must believe on Allah and face the problem and solve the problem by your self nobody will solve your problem. It is your life and you have to change every bad thing into the Good life.
Follow Syed Zubair Hassan :


Read more »

on September 06, 2020 0

 



ENZYMES

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze 

( i.e. speed up ) biochemical reaction

and are not changed during the     reaction.

The life of living organisms is a reflection of what is    going on in their bodies.

Metabolism is the set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.

These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structure and respond to their environment.

Anabolism includes the biochemical processes in which larger molecules are synthesize.

Catabolism include the biochemical reactions in which are broken down.

 

So, energy is release din the catabolism and energy is consumed in anabolism.

In this way, the biochemical reaction are actually energy transfers.

Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they act as biocatalyst and speed up and regulate the metabolic pathway.


The molecules at which enzymes act are called Substrate

Enzymes converts them into different molecules called Product


Activation Energy

ØAll chemical reaction require activation energy.
ØIt is define as the minimum amount of energy which is require to start a biological reaction.
ØThe need for the activation energy acts as barrier to the beginning of reaction.
ØEnzymes lower such barrier by decreasing the requirement of activation energy.

ØThus in the presence of enzymes, reaction proceed at faster rate.  


> Enzymes lower the activation energy in several 
    ways:

1: They may alter the shape of substrate and reduce
    requirement of energy for this change.

2: Some enzymes do so by disrupting the charge
    distribution of activation energy.

3: Enzymes may also lower activation energy by
    bringing substrate in the correct orientation to
    react. 


Categories of enzymes


1 : Intracellular enzymes : The enzymes work  inside the 

      cell. E.g. enzymes of glycolysis working  in the

      cytoplasm.

2: Extracellular enzymes: The enzymes work outside

     the cell e.g. pepsin enzymes working in the

      stomach cavity.





Read more »

on September 06, 2020 0




 Apoptosis & Necrosis

Apoptosis and Necrosis are two

Phenomenon of cell death.

                                                                                                             In an adult

                                                                                                               Human, 50 to

                                                                                                               70 Billion cells

                                                                                                                Die each day by

                                                                                                              Apoptosis.

Apoptosis

ØApoptosis is one of the main type of programmed cell death. During apoptosis, cell shrinks and becomes rounded due to the breakdown of cytoskeleton by enzymes.

ØIts chromatin undergoes condensation and nuclear envelop breaks. In this way nucleus spreads in the form of several discrete chromatin bodies.

ØCell membrane makes buds known as blebs. Blebs break off from the cell and are now called apoptotic bodies, which then phagocytosed by other cells.

> Apoptosis can occur when a cell is damaged or undergoes stress   conditions.

> Apoptosis removes the damaged cell, preventing it from getting further nutrients, or to prevent the spread of infection.

> Apoptosis also gives advantages during development. For example during the formation of fingers, the cells between them undergo apoptosis and the digits separate.


Necrosis


ØNecrosis is the accidental death of cells and living tissues.

ØNecrosis is less sequential than apoptosis.
ØThere are many causes of necrosis including injury, infection, cancer etc.

ØNecrosis may occur when a cell is given hypoxic ( with less oxygen ) environment.
ØDuring necrosis, there is a release of special enzymes from lysosomes.
ØLysosomal enzymes break cellular components and may also be released outside cell to break surrounding cells.
ØCells that die by necrosis may also released harmful chemicals that damage other cells.

Read more »
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)